Institute for Internet Policy & Law @ Beijing Normal University

当前，我国已经全面进入移动互联网时代，近9亿网民中手机上网比例高达99.1%。 点开APP也就是手机上的应用程序，就可使用各种不同的功能。 万物互联时代，互联网与现实生活已经深度融合。但使用网络的时候，也往往隐藏着风险。 根据2019年《APP违法违规收集使用个人信息专项治理报告》统计，移动互联网应用商店上架推广的APP有近400万款，总下载量超万亿次。用户每天在各类APP上平均花费时长占用户日均上网时长的81.7%。然而，这些APP在给人们生活带来方便的同时也带来了一些隐患。

9月14日到20日是2020年国家网络安全宣传周。2020年9月17日北京师范大学互联网政策与法律研究中心主任薛虹教授在接受央视“焦点访谈”节目采访中谈到， “现在很多的APP都在超范围、超目的地使用（个人信息），这是一个很大的问题。比如很多的像照明类的APP，要收集位置信息、要收集通讯录信息，这是完全没必要的，你是认为那个位置我将提供强光照射吗？”

正是由于个人信息泄露可能给用户带来危害，APP收集的信息越多，泄露之后的风险就越大。因此，什么样的APP可以收集多大范围的个人信息，收集之后如何使用，这些问题就显得非常重要。 2019年1月，中央网信办、工业和信息化部、公安部、市场监管总局四部门联合发布《关于开展App违法违规收集使用个人信息专项治理的公告》，并成立App专项治理工作组。《APP违法违规收集使用个人信息行为认定方法》《个人信息安全规范》等标准规范相继出台完善。

On August 21 afternoon, as a CIETAC arbitrator of almost 20 years, Prof. Xue was invited by the CCPIT Legal Affairs Department to give a public virtual lecture for the legal officers based in Beijing Headquarter, foreign missions and enterprises on the “Legal Issues in Alternative Dispute Resolution for Intellectual Property Rights”. Prof. Xue talked about the latest developments in the Chinese intellectual property legal systems and the advantage of resolving intellectual property disputes through arbitration and other alternative disputed resolution mechanism. Prof. Xue especially explained the issues of arbitrability of intellectual property disputes under the Chinese laws and compared with the other jurisdictions. Enforcement of arbitral awards is another key issue. Prof. Xue explained the enforcement issues of monetary and injunctive arbitral remedies through judicial system. Domain Name Dispute Resolution and E-Commerce Platform Online Dispute Resolution were the also addressed by Prof. Xue at the second half of the Lecture. Prof. Xue actively engaged with the audience through responding all the practical questions raised by the Legal Officers from Beijing, London and other cities. Chinese IP arbitration is expected to be pushed to the higher level of development through the new IP Arbitration Commission that is being constructed by the CCPIT.

Prof. Xue was invited to present at the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) virtual expert group meeting on National Policy Framework for Cross-border Paperless Trade on 20 August 2020. The meeting identified the essential building blocks and attributes (legal and regulatory environments, both national and agency level) for the national policy framework; and helped to develop a template that could accommodate different models and varying degree of cross-border paperless trade measures developed at country level in the ambit of implementation of the Framework Agreement on Facilitation of Cross-border Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific. In the presentation, Prof. Xue emphasized the importance of studies on the cross-border data flow and the mutual recognition criteria of CB paperless in domestic laws. In the written comments, Prof. Xue also pointed out the inappropriate omission of the Chinese E-Commerce Law entirely in the country study on Chinese paperless laws and regulations as well as the legal mistakes on implementation of the e-port system.

The “E-commerce Law of the People’s Republic of China”, effective from January 1, 2019, has played an important role in the transformation of economic mode, structural reform, stable growth, employment expansion, and people’s well-being. The Law regulates the establishment and performance of e-commerce operators, electronic contracts, electronic payments and express logistics, strengthens the protection of IPRs and consumers in e-commerce, creates the new legal rules on third-party e-commerce platforms, data development, market competition and dispute settlement. The Law has been nominated by the MOFCOM to the APEC PSU for case studies.

The selected case studies can help to showcase the underlying motivations for revising existing regulations or introducing new regulations, the process of doing so, as well as how the revision/introduction has contributed to the e-commerce landscape in the economy. In order to seek the understanding of the E-Commerce Law and allow for optimum experience sharing and learning among economies, the APEC PSU interviewed Prof. Xue, who had taken apart in the whole lawmaking process as one of the chief legal experts appointed by the National People’s Congress. The Interview was conducted virtually via Microsoft Teams on August 12, 2020.

During the Interview, Prof. Xue explained the situation before the enactment of the E-Commerce Law, the reasons/motivations for the decision to enact the E-Commerce Law and the problem that the E-Commerce Law was designed to address. Prof. Xue elaborated the legislative process of enacting the E-Commerce Law and internationalized multi-stakeholder participation in the lawmaking process. Prof. Xue especially addressed the benefits brought by the Law to various stakeholders (e.g., businesses, consumers) and effectiveness of the Law. With the advancement of the new technologies like AI, blockchain and digital currencies and enactment of new laws (such as the Civil Code), the E-Commerce Law may be revised for improvement in the future. Prof. Xue emphasized that the Case Studies would facilitate the information exchange on best practices, capacity building and inter-economy comparative studies for common rules on e-commerce.

薛虹教授的文章发表于中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会“专题活动-抗疫专栏”

疫情大敌当前，突显仲裁庭远程办案的必要性。中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（贸仲）早于2009年就公布、实施了全球首个“网上仲裁规则”，适用于解决电子商务争议或者其他当事人约定适用本规则的其他经济贸易争议。该“网上仲裁规则”在《中华人民共和国仲裁法》的基础上，在电子证据、网上仲裁开庭、电子化仲裁裁决（但须仲裁员签名并加盖仲裁委员会印章）等多个方面进行了有益的探索与尝试。为防控疫情，不仅适用网上仲裁规则的案件，而且所有的案件都应尽可能远程办理。秘书局远程管理案件已有比较成熟的经验，相比之下，仲裁庭远程办案还在摸索过程中。除了远程开庭之外，证据的电子化、数字化与网络化是仲裁庭远程办理的瓶颈。

贸仲是中国国家顶级域名争议解决机构之一及亚洲域名争议解决中心的北京秘书处。域名争议解决程序是纯粹的线上程序，完全不受疫情影响，不受物理条件的限制正常运行。贸仲运行域名争议解决程序近二十年，积累了丰富的在线案件管理与专家组在线案件审理、裁决的经验，足资仲裁庭远程办案参照。域名争议案件能够完全通过线上投诉、受理、审理与裁决，除了得益于其书面审理的特点外，很大程度上有赖于当事人证据材料的全部电子化、数字化与网络化。依据域名争议解决程序规则，当事人系以电子方式向秘书处提交全部证据，由秘书处以电子方式将证据材料向指定的专家组送达，专家组依据所收到的电子形式的证据进行审理，并作出裁决。相比之下，仲裁案件的证据材料，初始并非以电子形式提交，也并非以电子形式送达仲裁庭。当疫情来袭，仲裁庭无法使用书面证据材料时，审理案件就遇到很大的困难。纵然获得当事人的仲裁申请、答辩等文件的电子版，仲裁庭也无法依据有关证据对当事人的主张予以认定，从而作出裁决。疫情为我们敲响了尽快开发仲裁证据线上系统的警钟。此线上系统的开发与运行并非仅为疫情防控所需，且能服务于仲裁事业的长远发展。

从现有的实践经验看，为了保障系统运行的安全性与稳定性，仲裁证据线上系统不宜建立在其他开放性平台（例如某些盈利性公司运行的社交媒体等系统）之上，而适宜采用独立开发的计算机系统。仲裁证据线上系统应当整合证据提交、存储、质证、仲裁庭取证与认证等综合性功能。为了保证证据在该系统中具有完整性，建议使用区块链技术，可以采用私链（内部链）的方式，使当事人、办案人与仲裁庭所依赖的该系统内的信息具有真实性且不被篡改。当事人使用该系统须通过证件证照比对、生物特征识别或者国家统一身份认证平台认证等在线方式完成身份认证，并取得登录专用账号。当事人的电子证据应可向该系统一键式导入；非电子证据，可以通过扫描、拍照等方式转化为电子证据提交。对已上传至该系统的证据，当事人可以直接在线以文字方式发表质证意见，开庭时也可以补充质证意见。当事人使用该系统提交证据、交换证据与进行质证，均应具有法律效力。 总之，随着远程开庭审理日趋成熟，辅之以仲裁证据线上系统的支持，仲裁程序完全可以早日摆脱疫情影响，真正实现仲裁庭远程办案的飞跃。